In the lecture critical success factors in high technology projects will be examined by comparing the Square Kilometre Array, the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor and the Reactor Conversion Project in the context of a historical view of South African technology policy. These three complex endeavours illustrate rather well what mistakes can be made in the conceptualising and in the execution of such projects. The conclusion is that the confluence of a range of diverse factors such as sufficient prototyping, understanding and balancing political stakeholders, getting the organisational culture right and managing ambitions and aspirations is necessary for success to be achieved.